When Stalin fell unconscious again, Beria immediately stood and spat. "Petit père des peuples" et fondateur des goulags, il a vaincu Hitler, modernisé l'URSS et a généralisé la terreur dans son pays. fiche prof interview exilés … New products were developed, and the scale and efficiency with which existing products were made also greatly increased. In his speech on August 19, 1939, Stalin prepared his comrades for the great turn in Soviet policy, the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact with Nazi Germany. Many previously secret archives were opened in the early 1990s, and our researcher has been busy indeed. Although expecting war with Germany, Stalin may not have expected an invasion to come so soon — and the Soviet Union was relatively unprepared for this invasion. In these conferences, his first appearances on the world stage, Stalin proved to be a formidable negotiator. Biographie de Van Gogh. Vincent Willem van GoghNote 2 (né le 30 mars 1853 à Groot-Zundert aux Pays-Bas - mort le 29 juillet 1890 à Auvers-sur-Oise en France) est Shares. This took the dying Lenin by surprise, and in his last writings he famously called for the removal of the "rude" Stalin. He was subsequently executed. The Finnish communist Tuominen records a sarcastic toast proposed by Stalin at a New Year Party in 1935: Khrushchev wrote in his memoirs that Beria had, immediately after the stroke, gone about "spewing hatred against [Stalin] and mocking him", and then, when Stalin showed signs of consciousness, dropped to his knees and kissed his hand. Artists and writers vied with each other in fawning devotion, crediting Stalin with almost god-like qualities, and suggesting he single-handedly won the Second World War.It is debatable as to how much Stalin relished the cult surrounding him. Une controverse a toutefois pris forme autour de la date de naissance de Staline lorsque fut découvert un extrait de naissance indiquant la date du 18 Décembre 1878. Joseph Stalin books and biography Free pdf books from Bookyards, one of the world's first online libraries to offer ebooks to be downloaded for free. [12] His poetry can still be seen in the Stalin Museum in Gori. Solzhenitsyn alleges that Stalin drew inspiration from Lenin's regime with the presence of labor camps and the executions of political opponents that occurred during the Russian Civil War. Staline s'honorait du titre de «Vojd», mot russe qui signifie guide, équivalent de l'allemand Führer, de l'italien Duce ou de l'espagnol Caudillo. La jeunesse d'un révolutionnaire 1879 Naissance à Gori (Georgie). Indeed, many politicians in the United States expressed a fear, after the "Sputnik crisis," that their country had been eclipsed by the Soviet Union in science and in public education. However, as the popularity of other leaders such as Sergei Kirov and the so-called Ryutin Affair were to demonstrate, Stalin did not achieve absolute power until the Great Purge of 1936–38. Party History Party Congresses, Party Organization Politburo Central Committee, Leaders Lenin Stalin Khrushchev Brezhnev Gorbachev. Stalin refused to release large grain reserves that could have alleviated the famine (and at the same time exporting grain abroad); he was convinced that the Ukrainian peasants had hidden grain away, and strictly enforced draconian new collective-farm theft laws in response. Official Soviet estimates placed it at 13.9%, Russian and Western estimates gave lower figures of 5.8% and even 2.9%. Despite his formal position being originally without significant influence, and his office being nominally but one of several Central Committee Secretariats, Stalin's increasing control of the Party from 1928 onwards led to him becoming the de facto party leader and the dictator of his country.[2][3][4][5][6]. In April 1917, Stalin was elected to the Central Committee with the third highest vote total in the party and was subsequently elected to the Politburo of the Central Committee (May 1917); he held this position for the remainder of his life. Poet Anna Akhmatova was subjected to several cycles of suppression and rehabilitation, but was never herself arrested. The Soviet Union soon after recognized Mao's People's Republic of China, which it regarded as a new ally. Pour le télécharger en entier, envoyez-nous un de vos documents grâce à notre système d’échange gratuit de ressources numériques ou achetez-le pour la modique somme d’un euro symbolique. Stalin's role in the fortunes of the Russian Orthodox Church is complex. The 1932-1933 famine in the Ukraine and the Kuban regions has been termed the Holodomor (Ukrainian: Голодомор). In spite of early breakdowns and failures, the first two Five-Year Plans achieved rapid industrialization from a very low economic base. [citation needed]. Pour trouver une notice sur le site, vous devez taper votre recherche dans le champ en haut à droite. Iossif Vissarionovitch Djougachvili, connu ultérieurement sous le nom de Joseph Staline, naît le 18 Décembre 1878 à Gori en Géorgie. Among his other nicknames and aliases were Ivanovich, Soso or Sosso (mainly his boyhood name), David, Nizharadze or Nijeradze, and Chizhikov. STALIN A SHORT BIOGRAPHY LANGUAGES PUBLISH . Scientific research was hindered by the fact that many scientists were sent to labor camps (including Lev Landau, later a Nobel Prize winner, who spent a year in prison in 1938–1939) or executed (e.g. Pour le télécharger en entier, envoyez-nous un de vos documents grâce à notre système d’échange gratuit de ressources numériques ou achetez-le pour la modique somme d’un euro symbolique. His first name is also transliterated as Iosif. The Soviets prevailed in March, 1940, but the problems of the Soviet army had been revealed to the rest of the world, including Germany. I want to propose a toast to our patriarch, life and sun, liberator of nations, architect of socialism [he rattled off all the appellations applied to him in those days] – Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin, and I hope this is the first and last speech made to that genius this evening. In March 2001, Russian Independent Television NTV discovered a previously unknown grandson living in Novokuznetsk. He distinguished himself in World War II as a capable airman. The facts surrounding Stalin's death will probably never be known with certainty. livre gratuit Staline (Contemporaines) en ligne Mais dès lors, Staline fréquente les milieux socialistes et marxistes qui le feront intégrer le monde politique. C'est alors l'apogée d'un régime stalinien qui est admiré et craint comme le vainqueur du nazisme. Stalin created a cult of personality in the Soviet Union around both himself and Lenin. It can be stated with certainty that the Party is indebted primarily and principally to Comrade Trotsky for the rapid going over of the garrison to the side of the Soviet and the efficient manner in which the work of the Military Revolutionary Committee was organised. Others, however, continue to maintain that their earlier much higher estimates are correct.[31]. Accueil Biographies URSS Joseph Staline. Stalin organized Lenin's funeral and made a speech professing undying loyalty to Lenin, in almost religious terms. It has also been said that, originally, "Stalin" was a conspiratorial nickname which stuck with him. telecharger livre gratuit en francais epub Staline. [8] [9], According to Robert Lewis, the Five-Year Plan substantially helped to modernize the previously backward Soviet economy. The USSR was promised an eastern part of Poland, primarily populated with Ukrainians and Belorussians in case of its dissolution, as long as Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Finland were recognized as parts of the Soviet sphere of influence. Education was also an example of an increase in standard of living after economic development. Going by these monuments and statues it would be easy to assume that Stalin was a tall and well built man not unlike Tsar Alexander III. With the industrialization and heavy human losses due to World War II and repressions the generation that survived under Stalin saw a major expansion in job opportunities, especially for women. Dans tous les pays de la sphère d’occupation soviétique, des gouvernements communistes sont peu à peu mis en place, et doivent soutenir sans réserve la ligne définie à Moscou. C'est pourquoi, en décrivant. He accepted grandiloquent titles (e.g. In 1912 Stalin was co-opted to the Bolshevik Central Committee at the Prague Party Conference. One of the people for whom Ekaterina did laundry and house-cleaning was a Gori Jew, David Papismedov. Since it is flavorless, warfarin is a plausible weapon of murder. He accepted grandiloquent titles (e.g. On March 1, 1953, after an all-night dinner with interior minister Lavrenty Beria and future premiers Georgi Malenkov, Nikolai Bulganin and Nikita Khrushchev, Stalin did not emerge from his room the next day, having probably suffered a stroke that paralyzed the right side of his body. Autodidacte et orateur brillant, il a répandu son idéologie nazie dans toute l’Allemagne. Introduction: Staline est né le 21 décembre 1879 à Gori en Géorgie. His mother was born a serf. It is intended to directly confront the standard attacks made against Stalin: `Lenin's Will', forced collectivization, overbearing bureaucracy, Stalin made considerable use of the Communist International movement in order to infiltrate agents and to ensure that foreign Communist parties remained pro-Soviet and pro-Stalin. Thousands of parishes were reactivated, until a further round of suppression in Khrushchev's time. Sur le plan militaire, la situation est catastrophique, l’armée allemande effectuant une progression fulgurante, s’emparant de vastes territoires et faisant de très nombreux prisonniers. Biographie. Honoré de Balzac est né le 20 mai 1799 à Tours où il était issu d'une famille bourgeoise car son père était directeur des vivres. Nous contacter : redaction[arobase]histoire-pour-tous.fr, Culte du chef - Mussolini, Staline et Hitler, Nikita Khrouchtchev (1894-1971) - Biographie, Grandeur et Misère de l'armée rouge, (J. Lopez et L Otkhmezuri), Mao Zedong - Biographie du Grand Timonier chinois, Adolf Hitler - Biographie du dictateur nazi, Franco - Biographie du dictateur espagnol, Guerre froide (1948-1991) : l'Est contre l'Ouest, Le chaudron de Tcherkassy-Korsun. Ward, Chris. They are arresting people for nothing now?" Celle-ci était prévisible mais intervient deux ans seulement après le pacte de non agression de 1939. Le 04 Octobre 2008. C'est enfin en 1912, au cours de la VIème conférence du Parti ouvrier social-démocrate de Russie, que Staline entre au Comité central bolchevique. [10], Another of his childhood friends, Iremshvili, felt that the beatings by Stalin's father gave him the hatred of authority. } After this, Stalin said "He can't even shoot straight". Unfortunately, this, along with abuse by German troops, caused inconceivable starvation and suffering among the civilian population that were left behind. C'est ainsi que l'Union Soviétique se rapproche des Etats-Unis (premier pays à reconnaître l'Union Soviétique en 1933), de la France (pacte d'assistance mutuelle de 1935) mais surtout de l'Allemagne (pacte germano soviétique de 1939). Staline, biographie 1. Crédit photo : Joseph Staline, auteur inconnu, vers 1942. - Staline de Jean-Jacques Marie. Zinoviev and Kamenev then turned to Lenin's widow, Krupskaya; they formed the "United Opposition" in July 1926. Many others were simply deported east. Officially a non-aggression treaty only, the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact had a "secret" annex according to which Central Europe was divided into the two powers' respective spheres of influence. Nadezhda Mandelstam, the widow of the poet Osip Mandelstam and one of the key memoirists of the Purges, recalls being shouted at by Akhmatova: "Don't you understand? Stalin, fearing that he might be next, began tightening security, (and in effect to remove those who might have threatened Stalin's leadership) by seeking out alleged spies and counter-revolutionaries. The traditional lives of many peoples in the Siberian, Central Asian and Caucasian provinces was upset and large populations were displaced and scattered in order to prevent nationalist uprisings. [14]. His body was preserved in Lenin's Mausoleum until October 31, 1961, when his body was removed from the Mausoleum and buried next to the Kremlin walls as part of the process of Khrushchev wrote in his memoirs that Beria had, immediately after the stroke, gone about "spewing hatred against [Stalin] and mocking him", and then, when Stalin showed signs of consciousness, dropped to his knees and kissed his hand. La bipolarisation des relations internationales se manifeste notamment lors du blocus de Berlin ouest ordonné par Staline en juin 1948. Stalin's regime moved to force collectivization of agriculture. During these school years, Stalin joined a Georgian Social-Democratic organization, and began propagating Marxism. [citation needed] Stalin signed the Katyn death orders on March 5th 1940, and he died exactly thirteen years to the date in 1953. During his childhood, Joseph was fascinated by stories he read telling of Georgian mountaineers who valiantly fought for Georgian independence. Stalin claimed his policies were based on Marxism-Leninism; they are now often considered to represent a political and economic system called Stalinism. Females were given an adequate, equal education and women had equal rights in employment, precipitating improving lives for women and families. totalitaire Hitler /correction. This was not the case however; photographic evidence suggests he was between 5'5" and 5'6"[23], hardly tall or imposing. Most of them remain unknown. Joseph Staline en 1949. Like other Bolsheviks, he became commonly known by one of his revolutionary noms de guerre, of which Stalin was only the most prominent. 1889 Dans les années 1936-1938, Staline organise les grands procès de Moscou : il fait accuser de faits invraisemblables les leaders de la révolution de 1917 qui s’opposent ou qui pourraient s’opposer à lui et les fait condamner afin de s’en débarrasser. Mais dès lors, Staline fréquente les milieux socialistes et marxistes qui le feront intégrer le monde politique. Stalin's occasional beneficence showed itself in strange ways. This was intended to increase agricultural output from large-scale mechanized farms, to bring the peasantry under more direct political control, and to make tax collection more efficient. Biographies › Staline, Joseph ... Ci-dessous un extrait traitant le sujet : Staline, Joseph Ce document contient 1156 mots soit 3 pages. (see Stalin's speech on August 19, 1939). The shakeup in command may have cost the Soviet Union dearly during the German invasion of 22 June 1941, and its aftermath. Many peasants resisted collectivization and grain confiscations, but were repressed, most notably well-off peasants deemed "kulaks."[4]. Stalin was born Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili in the town of Gori, Georgia, which at the time was part of the vast Russian empire. Biographie de Staline (1879-1953), secrétaire général du Parti Communiste d'Union Soviétique en 1922 qui s'est imposé comme seul maître de l'URSS après l'élimination de ses rivaux en 1928 et a imposé le régime communiste en Europe centrale et orientale. There was also use of the unpaid labor of both common and political prisoners in labor camps and the frequent "mobilization" of communists and Komsomol members for various construction projects. Son père et sa mère sont d’anciens serfs, émancipés lors de l’abolition du servage en 1861. Les masques de Staline par Elena Smirnova Une biographie donne à voir le maître du Kremlin dans ses façons de gouverner, entouré de ses proches, mais aussi dans le secret de ses lectures. Au crépuscule de sa vie mais toujours au faîte de sa puissance, Staline provoque à nouveau des purges politiques avec les procès de 1952 et le complot des blouses blanches au début de l'année 1953. Staline se tient en grand uniforme devant un barrage en construction. In 1927 during the 15th Party Congress Trotsky and Zinoviev were expelled from the party and Kamenev lost his seat on the Central Committee. Stalin's internal repressive policies continued (including in newly acquired territories), but never reached the extremes of the 1930s. He "summoned Chikobava to a dinner that lasted from 9 p.m. to 7 a.m. taking notes diligently[20]." Malgré les purges massives des années 30, il peut s’appuyer sur une nouvelle génération d’officiers totalement dévoués et déterminés à gagner la guerre. Stalin surprised his colleagues by not only receiving the elderly man, but happily chatting with him in public places. Several trials known as the Moscow Trials were held, but the procedures were replicated throughout the country. Staline Oleg Khlevniuk [3 years ago] Téléchargez et profitez Staline - Oleg Khlevniuk eBooks (PDF, ePub, Mobi) GRATIS, « Cela fait plus de vingt ans que je me consacre à l’étude de Staline et des mécanismes qui ont sous-tendu son action.Une action qui aboutit à la destruction de millions de vies humaines. Pas plus que Trotski, Zinoviev ni Kamenev, qui, au début, marchèrent avec le futur dictateur et formèrent avec lui la « troïka » antitrotskiste, ne se rendirent compte à temps de ce patient travail de sape. Vasiliy rose through the ranks of the Soviet air force, officially dying of alcoholism in 1962; however, this is still in question. Le camarade Staline construit progressivement son réseau au sein du Parti bolchévique à la veille de la Révolution d'octobre. Mace, James E. "The Man-Made Famine of 1933 in Soviet Ukraine". In retaliation to the Western formation of Trizonia, Stalin determined to take action. Aussitôt Lénine disparu, une âpre lutte pour le pouvoir s’engagea au sein de la direction communiste. else if (typeof target.style.MozUserSelect!="undefined") //Firefox route Les « procès de Moscou » de 1936-38 voient ainsi l'exécution de nombreuses personnalités politiques (Zinoviev, Kamenev, Boukharine) mais également de trois des cinq maréchaux de l'Armée Rouge. Les instances dirigeantes du parti, soucieuses de ne pas favoriser l'ascension de Trotski, choisirent d'ignorer ce « testament » après la mort de Lénine. Some historians such as Amy Knight and Robert Conquest postulate that Stalin had Yezhov and his predecessor, Genrikh Yagoda, removed in order to deflect blame from himself. Joseph Stalin, secretary-general of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922–53) and premier of the Soviet state (1941–53), who for a quarter of a century dictatorially ruled the Soviet Union and transformed it into a major world power. SINGLE PAGE PROCESSED JP2 ZIP download. Officially, she died of an illness. The generation born during Stalin's rule was the first near-universally literate generation. In November 1939, Stalin sent troops over the Finnish border provoking war. Stalin's policies granted the Soviet people universal access to health care and education, effectively creating the first generation free from the fear of typhus, cholera, and malaria. Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, Bookyards' audiobooks on the Bible's New Testament, A pdf version of the Bible King James Version (Old And New Testament) can be, Campaign against the Left and Right Opposition, Bookyards Youtube channel is now active. Les notices sont au format Portable Document Format. Le chef bolchevik le plus prestigieux était désormais Trotski, organisateur de la révolution d’Octobre et de l’armée rouge, mais Staline, secrétaire général du parti depuis 1922, avait déjà concentré dans ses mains un pouvoir immense. Joseph Staline Homme d'État Gori - Géorgie, 21 décembre 1879 || Moscou - URSS, 5 mars 1953 . Broché: 624 pages. (See also: Holodomor). Staline tire un immense profit de la victoire soviétique en 1945. After West Germany was formed by the union of the three Western occupation zones, the Soviets declared East Germany a separate country in 1949, ruled by the communists. At the same time, according to Khrushchev, he insisted that he be remembered for "the extraordinary modesty characteristic of truly great people.". However, the invading German forces were eventually driven back in December 1941 near Moscow. Nom de fichier: Staline. Biographie de Staline vendredi 23 août 2013 , par Julie Revillier Cette séance est placée en conclusion du cours sur Staline, pour permettre aux élèves d’exercer leur esprit critique à propos d’informations sur la vie de Staline trouvées sur Internet (sur un site certaines sont erronées et incomplètes). For instance, some inventions and scientific discoveries were reclaimed by Russian researchers. Among Stalin's contributions were his "Marxism and the National Question", a work praised by Lenin; his "Trotskyism or Leninism", which was a factor in the "liquidation of Trotskyism as an ideological trend" within the CPSU(B). Kahan also claimed that both Lazar and Rosa were responsible for the death of Stalin (by poisoning), however this (as well as most of the remainder of Kahan's assertions) were dismissed as fabrication by the Statement of the Kaganovich Family. They offered to exchange him for Fieldmarshal Paulus, but Stalin turned the offer down, allegedly saying "A lieutenant is not worth a general"; others credit him with saying "I have no son," to this offer, and Yakov is said to have committed suicide, running into an electric fence in Sachsenhausen concentration camp, where he was being held. When attending school in Gori, "Soso" was among a very diverse group of students. Joseph and most of his classmates were Georgian and spoke mostly Georgian. Stalin's first wife, Ekaterina Svanidze, died in 1907, only four years after their marriage. His father, Vissarion Les PDF peuvent être dans une langue différente de la votre. fiche prof interview exilés … Le culte de la personnalité est propagé à l'extrême, et toute la sphère d’influence soviétique se couvre de statues et de portraits géants à la gloire du “petit père des peuples”. He suddenly lifted his left hand as though he were pointing to something above and bringing down a curse upon all of us. 3 Pages • 1825 Vues. F. Pernaton-Defay exerce actuellement au lycée Lamartine 71000 Mâcon. The repression of so many formerly high-ranking revolutionaries and party members led Leon Trotsky to claim that a "river of blood" separated Stalin's regime from that of Lenin. The Red Army ended World War II occupying much of the territory that had been formerly held by the Axis countries: In Asia, the Red Army had overrun Manchuria in the last month of the war and then also occupied Korea above the 38th parallel north. Initially, the execution lists for the enemies of the people were confirmed by the Politburo. It is debatable as to how much Stalin relished the cult surrounding him. C'est pourquoi, en décrivant. diapos expériences totalitaires Staline /PDF diapo carte mentale Staline / carte mentale Staline pdf. Ayant essuyé un refus des Occidentaux, il incite à la création de la République démocratique d'Allemagne ainsi que d'une monnaie propre en octobre 1949. Collectivization meant drastic social changes, on a scale not seen since the abolition of serfdom in 1861, and alienation from control of the land and its produce. The occurrences of these diseases dropped to record-low numbers, increasing life spans by decades. Biographies de Staline, Hitler et Mussolini. With no seed capital, little international trade, and virtually no modern infrastructure, Stalin's government financed industrialization by both restraining consumption on the part of ordinary Soviet citizens, to ensure that capital went for re-investment into industry, and by ruthless extraction of wealth from the kulaks. Another clause of the treaty was that Bessarabia, then part of Romania, was to be joined to the Moldovan ASSR, and become the Moldovan SSR under control of Moscow. 227 of July 27, 1942, any commander or commissar of a regiment, battalion or army, who allowed retreat without permission from above was subject to military tribunal. According to many accounts, Stalin only played a minor role in the revolution of November 7. He was also known as Koba (after a Georgian folk hero, a Robin Hood-like brigand); and he is reported to have used at least a dozen other names for the purpose of secret communications. En Russie, Staline, jusqu'à sa première arrestation en 1911, organise la parution de la Pravda, avec l'aide de Molotov, puis est remplacé par Sverdlov. Diplomatic relations reached a high point with the signing of the 1950 Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance. The Russian people were tired from the world war and the civil war, and Stalin's policy of concentrating in building "Socialism in One Country" was seen as an optimistic antidote to war. On April 3, 1922, Stalin was made general secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), a post that he subsequently built up into the most powerful in the country. Continuous persecution in the 1930s resulted in its near-extinction: by 1939, active parishes numbered in the low hundreds (down from 54,000 in 1917), many churches had been leveled, and tens of thousands of priests, monks and nuns were persecuted and killed. Stalin was nicknamed "Uncle Joe" by the Western media. The Winter War between the Soviet Union and Finland proved to be more difficult than Stalin and the Red Army were prepared for, and the Soviets sustained high casualties. Pour trouver une notice sur le site, vous devez taper votre recherche dans le champ en haut à droite. In parallel with the purges, efforts were made to rewrite the history in Soviet textbooks and other propaganda materials. A recent controversial poll revealed that over thirty-five percent of Russians would vote for Stalin if he were still alive. [7] He undermined Trotsky, who was sick at the time, possibly by misleading him about the date of the funeral. Internationally, Stalin viewed Soviet consolidation of power as a necessary step to protect the USSR by surrounding it with countries with friendly governments like the variety seen in Finland, to act as a cordon sanitaire (buffer) against possible invaders (while the West sought a similar buffer against alleged "communist expansion"). This book is not designed to be a biography of Stalin. After the failure of Soviet and Franco-British talks on a mutual defense pact in Moscow, Stalin began to negotiate a non-aggression pact with Hitler's Germany. After various border conflicts, war broke out with U.S.-allied South Korea in 1950, starting the Korean War. Gradually, the history of revolution was transformed to a story about just two key characters: Lenin and Stalin. Votre recherche staline vous a renvoyé un certain nombre de notices. For example, Mikhail Bulgakov was driven to poverty and despair; yet, after a personal appeal to Stalin, he was allowed to continue working. This concept of Slavic inferiority was also the reason why Hitler did not accept into his army many Soviet citizens who wanted to fight the regime until 1944, when the war was lost for Germany. The deportations had a profound effect on the peoples of the Soviet Union. Some have also included the 6 to 8 million victims of the 1932-33 famine. Comrades! He also said that anyone with power over others reminded Stalin of his father's cruelty. Examples include the boiler, reclaimed by father and son Cherepanovs; the electric bulb, by Yablochkov and Lodygin; the radio, by Popov; and the airplane, by Mozhaysky. Stalin became the focus of massive adoration and even worship.Numerous towns, villages and cities were renamed after the Soviet leader (see List of places named after Stalin) and the Stalin Prize and Stalin Peace Prize were named in his honor. The degree of Stalin's personal involvement in general and specific developments has been assessed variously. Crédit photo : Joseph Staline, auteur inconnu, vers 1942. 1 page. Chef du parti nazi à partir de 1921, nommé chancelier en 1933, sa dictature a été instaurée à partir de 1934, époque où il est devenu le "Führer". Stalin met in several conferences with Churchill and/or Roosevelt in Moscow, Tehran, Yalta, and Potsdam to plan military strategy (Truman taking the place of the deceased Roosevelt). They had a son together, Yakov Dzhugashvili, with whom Stalin did not get along in later years. L'idée de tuer Staline emplissait mes pensées et mes émotions. Another event that helped Stalin's rise was the fact that Trotsky came out against publication of Lenin's Testament in which he pointed out the strengths and weaknesses of Stalin and Trotsky and the other main players, and suggested that he be succeeded by a small group of people. Trotsky criticized the cult of personality built around Stalin as being against the values of socialism and Bolshevism, in that it exalted the individual above the party and class and it disallowed criticism of Stalin. [44], The Katyn massacre is featured in Robert Harris' WWII thriller Enigma. Then something incomprehensible and awesome happened. Stalin, as head of the Politburo, consolidated near-absolute power in the 1930s with a Great Purge of the party, justified as an attempt to expel 'opportunists' and 'counter-revolutionary infiltrators'. He served as both General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922–1952) and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (1941–1953). Par son poids politique et militaire, il fit de l'URSS la seconde puissance mondiale et son action eut une influence déterminante sur l'expansion territoriale du modèle communiste, en particulier en Europe de l'Est.